What causes cognitive problems after cancer?

Researchers aren’t sure why cancer treatment causes changes in thinking and memory. These changes are often linked to chemotherapy. But other treatments and things can contribute to cognitive changes. Hormone changes after cancer treatment, surgery, radiation, stress, anxiety, depression, anemia, pain, extreme tiredness, sleep problems, and some medicines may also affect cognitive issues. They may be in some part caused by the cancer itself. You may be more at risk for cognitive problems if you’ve had one or more of these types of cancer:

• Blood cancers (leukemia, multiple myeloma)

• Brain cancer

• Breast cancer

• Colon cancer

• Ovarian cancer

Symptoms of cognitive changes after cancer

After cancer treatment, you may have trouble:

• Remembering things, especially details like names and dates

• Learning new things

• Multitasking

• Paying attention

• Concentrating and focusing on a task or something complex

• Answering questions

• Thinking or understanding information quickly

• Reading

• Thinking of a word you want to say

• Solving problems

• Making decisions

Treating cognitive problems after cancer

Treatments may include:

• Medicine. Some kinds of medicine may help with cognitive problems. These include stimulants like modafinil and methylphenidate. Donepezil is another type of medicine used for dementia that may help. Your healthcare provider will determine if medicine is right for you.

• Cognitive exercises. These are mental exercises that may help the brain work better over time. The training can be done on a computer. Your healthcare provider may also suggest other things to try, such as biofeedback or mindfulness training, and refer you to specialists like an occupational therapist to help you with the cognitive changes.

If you’re not sleeping well, not getting physical activity, or not getting good nutrition, these can make cognitive problems worse. Make sure to:

• Eat a healthy diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

• Exercise regularly. Ask your healthcare provider what exercises are safe for you to do and how often to do them.

• Keep a regular sleep schedule, and tell your healthcare provider if you have sleep problems.

• Don’t use tobacco. Ask your healthcare provider for help quitting.

• Limit or avoid drinking alcohol. Don't use other substances that may affect your ability to think clearly and sleep well.

Daily coping tips

• Write things down. Don’t rely on remembering things. Write down things such as to-do items, upcoming events, and grocery lists in a notebook or on an app on your phone.

• Set reminders. Use your computer and phone to create reminders. Remind yourself of everything from appointments and daily tasks to when to take vitamins and walk the dog.

• Get rid of distractions. Noise, activity, and other people can make it harder to focus on something like reading or working on a task. Try to keep your environment quiet and calm when you need to concentrate.

• Get organized. Get in the habit of planning your day and keeping routines. This can help you stay on track without taxing your mental resources.

• Choose a spot for important items. Use this for things you commonly misplace or lose such as keys. Put the items there every time you are done with them.

• Prioritize. Do the most important tasks at a time when your energy is highest and your thinking is clearest.

• Be patient with yourself. Keep in mind that “brain fog” is a common after-effect of cancer treatment. The medicines that help kill cancer affect the body in many ways.

• Ask for help. Accept help from loved ones for challenging tasks. Delegate daily tasks to lessen your list of to-do items.

Getting support

Talk with your family and friends if you’re having cognitive problems after cancer treatment. They can help you with daily tasks and give emotional support. You may also want to talk with other people who feel the same way. Your healthcare provider can help you find a local or online cancer survivors support group.

Talking with your healthcare provider

Ask your healthcare provider about your personal risk for cognitive problems based on your type of cancer, treatment, and other factors. Tell your healthcare provider if your memory and thinking problems aren’t getting better or are getting worse. They may want to check if you have depression or anxiety. These can make symptoms worse or make it hard to get better. Your healthcare provider may also want you to keep a log of your cognitive problems to see what makes your thinking better or worse. Before a medical appointment, write down any questions you want to ask your healthcare provider. Consider taking a friend or family member to your appointment so they can help you remember important information.